Awesome Based Rollups

Awesome Based Rollups

A curated list of resources, research, and implementations related to based rollups in the Ethereum ecosystem. Special thanks to Swapnil of Nethermind for starting this months ago. During aggregation we also want to thank the Spire and mteam for also working on similar types of collections.

Introduction

Based rollups the future of Ethereum. Follow the Ethereum Sequencing and Preconfirmations calls here.

Research and Discussion

Based rollups—superpowers from L1 sequencing - Justin Drake’s post formalzing the based sequencing concept (March 2023).
Alternate PBS: A PBS Proposal for Based Rollups - This article introduces Alternate PBS, a new PBS proposal for based rollups (November 2023).
Vanilla Based Sequencing - Early exploration around a “vanilla” implementation of based rollups (April 2024).
Based Rollups with Stronger Finality & Revenue Share (WIP) - Describes a version of Ethereum shared sequencing for “based rollups” that retains the benefits of vanilla based sequencing (liveness, censorship resistance, L1 security and composability etc) while offering rollups stronger finality and a share of sequencing revenue (2024).
Understanding Based Rollups: PGA Challenges, Total Anarchy, and Potential Solutions - Paper analyzes the economics of based rollups using total anarchy as a method of sequencing blocks (December 2024).
Becoming Based: A Path towards Decentralised Sequencing - A proposal to work with current L2s that progresses towards based sequencing (March 2025).
Fabric - Fabric to Accelerate Based Rollup Infrastructure & Connectivity - Propsal for a coordination and development effort to establish standards for based rollups (January 2025).

Transaction Flow

Transaction Submission on Based Rollups - This post explores the trade-offs between different ways to submit transactions to the rollup (February 2024).

Inbox / Withdraws

Custard - Improving UX for Super TXs - Proposes a technique for enabling atomically composable super transactions on based rollups through state management (December 2024).
Fast (and Slow) L2→L1 Withdrawals - Introduces a new fast path for L2 withdrawals to L1 within the same L1 slot, enabled by solvers (December 2024).
Same-Slot L1→L2 Message Passing - Post introduces a protocol that enables the L2 proposer to selectively inject L1 messages emitted in the same slot directly into L2 (December 2024).
Dido - The working name of this approach is DIDO, which stands for “Dumb Inboxes, Derivation Only” and like the pokemon can transform to work with any rollup (March 2025).
Raid - Retroactive Attestation of Inbox Data. A simple, pragmatic inbox design for rollups that want to adopt based sequencing (April 2025).

Composability

The Open Intents Framework: Intents As A Public Good - Important effort that can benefit based rollup composability (2025).
Embedded Rollups, Part 1 and Part 2 - Posts exploring fast and efficient cross-chain interoperability by implementing an embedded shared-bridge rollup (January 2025).
ULTRA TX - Programmable blocks: One transaction is all you need for a unified and extendable Ethereum - This post focuses on a novel mechanism to bring programmable L1 blocks and what this means for L2s and the interoperability between L1 and L2s (February 2025).
Generalized Synchronous Composability - Aims to sketch out a way to make it possible to do synchronous composability between L1 and all L2s in an efficient way.

Blobs

Blob sharing protocol - Details idea for blob sharing across various rollup stacks (December 2023).
Will Blob Sharing Solve Dilemma for Small Rollups - This paper examines the effectiveness of blob sharing based on real-world data collected approximately six months after the implementation of EIP-4844 (October 2024).
Potential impact of blob sharing for rollups - Explores the impact of blob sharing by rollups (October 2024).
Shared Blob Compression - Explores an implementation to help with the increasing need for chains to opt-into having their blobs aggregated and compressed with blobs from other appchains (December 2024).
Blob Aggregation - Step Towards More Efficient Blobs - Article explores efficiency gains for blob sharing (January 2025).
Blob Sharing for Based Rollups - Introduces a protocol for based rollups to share blobs with each other so they can fill the blobs more efficiently and reduce L1 gas cost (February 2025).
Nethermind Blob Sharing POC and Blobs Sharing Presentation on Fabric Call (2025)
Blobsy Blob Aggregator - Service designed to aggregate blob segments and post them on the Ethereum blockchain as blob-carrying transactions (March 2025).
Blob pricing and aggregation - Thread and article by Spire on blob pricing for aggregation (April 2025).

Economics

MEV for “Based Rollup” - Article exploring how MEV can work with based rollups (May 2023).
Based Rollups can reward Proposers first come first serve - Articles explores how a simple FCFS system should be sufficient for Based Rollups (January 2024).
Based Rollup Economics - Post that summarizes the current economic landscape of rollups, and explore based rollups economy (October 2024).
Based Ticketing Rollup - Presents a “Based Ticketing Rollup” that starts from the concept of a Based rollup and adds Execution Tickets to address its weak points (2024).

Provers

Prover Incentives, reference implmeentation, and presentation on prover incentives- OZ research on prover incentive (March 2025).

Stacks-and-Implmentations

Articles

Taiko Protocol Overview - Early article outlining how Taiko worked (May 2023).
Based Rollups and Decentralized Sequencing (Twitter Spaces wrap-up - Summary of a twitter spaces with the EF, Nethermind / Flashbots, Espresso, and Taiko (September 2023).
Based Rollup FAQ - FAQ for based rollups (October 2023).
Booster rollups - scaling L1 directly - Outlines an approach where the L2 directly extends the blockspace of the L1 for all applications deployed on L1 by sharding the execution of transactions and the storage (October 2023).
A Based Thesis - Early thesis outlining why based rollups are the future and important for Ethereum (November 2023).
Based Booster Rollup (BBR): A new major milestone in Taiko’s roadmap (November 2023)
Unified Endgame Rollup Requirements - The list is created with the proposed milestones for rollup decentralization (February 2024).
Examining the Based Sequencing Spectrum - Explores the spectrum of based sequencing (May 2024).
We’re All Building the Same Thing - Detailed perspective on based rollups + other subjects (June 2024).
Spire Light Paper - As the name implies (September 2024).
Surge Documentation - Documentation on a based rollup effort from Nethermind (November 2024).
How do based rollups actually work? - Simple explainer of how based rollups work (December 2024).
Spectrum of Based Rollups - Explores the spectrum of based rollups (December 2024).
Gwyneth Technical Design - Early document outlining how Gwyneth works (2024).
Facet: An Ethereum Rollup Built for Hard Times - Facet whitepaper (January 2025).
Linea as a based rollup - a theoretical architecture - Linea explores what it might take to go based (February 2025).
Puffer Docs (2025)
Unpacking The Next Generation Of Ethereum L2s (I): Based Rollups - Explainer of based rollups and some background / history (January 2025).

Presentations

Contributing

Contributions to this awesome list are welcome! Please read the contribution guidelines before submitting a pull request.

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